The Jurnal Prima Medika Sains (JPMS) publishes original field and laboratory research findings, as well as literature reviews in the areas of health and medicine. This issue features five research articles based on field and laboratory studies, one case report, and two literature review articles. We remain committed to promoting the advancement of scientific knowledge in the health sciences. We warmly encourage readers to submit their manuscripts to ensure that this platform for scientific communication continues to develop and remain sustainable. Finally, we express our sincere appreciation to all authors for their valuable contributions and to everyone involved in the publication process, whose dedication enables this issue to reach our readers.